ruby/doc/strscan/strscan.md at master

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Yudai Takada b7690c58b9 [ruby/strscan] [DOC] Fix typo in documentation

(https://github.com/ruby/strscan/pull/129)

s/begining/beginning/

734b823463

2024-12-26 10:27:24 +09:00

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\Class StringScanner supports processing a stored string as a stream; this code creates a new StringScanner object with string 'foobarbaz':

require 'strscan'
scanner = StringScanner.new('foobarbaz')

About the Examples

All examples here assume that StringScanner has been required:

require 'strscan'

Some examples here assume that these constants are defined:

MULTILINE_TEXT = <<~EOT
Go placidly amid the noise and haste,
and remember what peace there may be in silence.
EOT

HIRAGANA_TEXT = 'こんにちは'

ENGLISH_TEXT = 'Hello'

Some examples here assume that certain helper methods are defined:

put_situation(scanner): Displays the values of the scanner's methods #pos, #charpos, #rest, and #rest_size.
put_match_values(scanner): Displays the scanner's [match values][9].
match_values_cleared?(scanner): Returns whether the scanner's [match values][9] are cleared.

See examples [here][ext/strscan/helper_methods_md.html].

The `StringScanner` \Object

This code creates a StringScanner object (we'll call it simply a scanner), and shows some of its basic properties:

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobarbaz')
scanner.string # => "foobarbaz"
put_situation(scanner)
# Situation:
#   pos:       0
#   charpos:   0
#   rest:      "foobarbaz"
#   rest_size: 9

The scanner has:

A stored string, which is:
- Initially set by StringScanner.new(string) to the given string ('foobarbaz' in the example above).
- Modifiable by methods #string=(new_string) and #concat(more_string).
- Returned by method #string.
More at [Stored String][1] below.
A position; a zero-based index into the bytes of the stored string (not into its characters):
- Initially set by StringScanner.new to 0.
- Returned by method #pos.
- Modifiable explicitly by methods #reset, #terminate, and #pos=(new_pos).
- Modifiable implicitly (various traversing methods, among others).
More at [Byte Position][2] below.
A target substring, which is a trailing substring of the stored string; it extends from the current position to the end of the stored string:
- Initially set by StringScanner.new(string) to the given string ('foobarbaz' in the example above).
- Returned by method #rest.
- Modified by any modification to either the stored string or the position.
Most importantly: the searching and traversing methods operate on the target substring, which may be (and often is) less than the entire stored string.

More at [Target Substring][3] below.

Stored \String

The stored string is the string stored in the StringScanner object.

Each of these methods sets, modifies, or returns the stored string:

Method	Effect
::new(string)	Creates a new scanner for the given string.
#string=(new_string)	Replaces the existing stored string.
#concat(more_string)	Appends a string to the existing stored string.
#string	Returns the stored string.

Positions

A StringScanner object maintains a zero-based byte position and a zero-based character position.

Each of these methods explicitly sets positions:

Method	Effect
#reset	Sets both positions to zero (beginning of stored string).
#terminate	Sets both positions to the end of the stored string.
#pos=(new_byte_position)	Sets byte position; adjusts character position.

Byte Position (Position)

The byte position (or simply position) is a zero-based index into the bytes in the scanner's stored string; for a new StringScanner object, the byte position is zero.

When the byte position is:

Zero (at the beginning), the target substring is the entire stored string.
Equal to the size of the stored string (at the end), the target substring is the empty string ''.

To get or set the byte position:

#pos: returns the byte position.
#pos=(new_pos): sets the byte position.

Many methods use the byte position as the basis for finding matches; many others set, increment, or decrement the byte position:

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobar')
scanner.pos # => 0
scanner.scan(/foo/) # => "foo" # Match found.
scanner.pos         # => 3     # Byte position incremented.
scanner.scan(/foo/) # => nil   # Match not found.
scanner.pos # => 3             # Byte position not changed.

Some methods implicitly modify the byte position; see:

[Setting the Target Substring][4].
[Traversing the Target Substring][5].

The values of these methods are derived directly from the values of #pos and #string:

#charpos: the [character position][7].
#rest: the [target substring][3].
#rest_size: rest.size.

Character Position

The character position is a zero-based index into the characters in the stored string; for a new StringScanner object, the character position is zero.

\Method #charpos returns the character position; its value may not be reset explicitly.

Some methods change (increment or reset) the character position; see:

[Setting the Target Substring][4].
[Traversing the Target Substring][5].

Example (string includes multi-byte characters):

scanner = StringScanner.new(ENGLISH_TEXT) # Five 1-byte characters.
scanner.concat(HIRAGANA_TEXT)             # Five 3-byte characters
scanner.string # => "Helloこんにちは"       # Twenty bytes in all.
put_situation(scanner)
# Situation:
#   pos:       0
#   charpos:   0
#   rest:      "Helloこんにちは"
#   rest_size: 20
scanner.scan(/Hello/) # => "Hello" # Five 1-byte characters.
put_situation(scanner)
# Situation:
#   pos:       5
#   charpos:   5
#   rest:      "こんにちは"
#   rest_size: 15
scanner.getch         # => "こ"    # One 3-byte character.
put_situation(scanner)
# Situation:
#   pos:       8
#   charpos:   6
#   rest:      "んにちは"
#   rest_size: 12

Target Substring

The target substring is the the part of the [stored string][1] that extends from the current [byte position][2] to the end of the stored string; it is always either:

The entire stored string (byte position is zero).
A trailing substring of the stored string (byte position positive).

The target substring is returned by method #rest, and its size is returned by method #rest_size.

Examples:

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobarbaz')
put_situation(scanner)
# Situation:
#   pos:       0
#   charpos:   0
#   rest:      "foobarbaz"
#   rest_size: 9
scanner.pos = 3
put_situation(scanner)
# Situation:
#   pos:       3
#   charpos:   3
#   rest:      "barbaz"
#   rest_size: 6
scanner.pos = 9
put_situation(scanner)
# Situation:
#   pos:       9
#   charpos:   9
#   rest:      ""
#   rest_size: 0

Setting the Target Substring

The target substring is set whenever:

The [stored string][1] is set (position reset to zero; target substring set to stored string).
The [byte position][2] is set (target substring adjusted accordingly).

Querying the Target Substring

This table summarizes (details and examples at the links):

Method	Returns
#rest	Target substring.
#rest_size	Size (bytes) of target substring.

Searching the Target Substring

A search method examines the target substring, but does not advance the [positions][11] or (by implication) shorten the target substring.

This table summarizes (details and examples at the links):

Method	Returns	Sets Match Values?
#check(pattern)	Matched leading substring or +nil+.	Yes.
#check_until(pattern)	Matched substring (anywhere) or +nil+.	Yes.
#exist?(pattern)	Matched substring (anywhere) end index.	Yes.
#match?(pattern)	Size of matched leading substring or +nil+.	Yes.
#peek(size)	Leading substring of given length (bytes).	No.
#peek_byte	Integer leading byte or +nil+.	No.
#rest	Target substring (from byte position to end).	No.

Traversing the Target Substring

A traversal method examines the target substring, and, if successful:

Advances the [positions][11].
Shortens the target substring.

This table summarizes (details and examples at links):

Method	Returns	Sets Match Values?
#get_byte	Leading byte or +nil+.	No.
#getch	Leading character or +nil+.	No.
#scan(pattern)	Matched leading substring or +nil+.	Yes.
#scan_byte	Integer leading byte or +nil+.	No.
#scan_until(pattern)	Matched substring (anywhere) or +nil+.	Yes.
#skip(pattern)	Matched leading substring size or +nil+.	Yes.
#skip_until(pattern)	Position delta to end-of-matched-substring or +nil+.	Yes.
#unscan	+self+.	No.

Querying the Scanner

Each of these methods queries the scanner object without modifying it (details and examples at links)

Method	Returns
#beginning_of_line?	+true+ or +false+.
#charpos	Character position.
#eos?	+true+ or +false+.
#fixed_anchor?	+true+ or +false+.
#inspect	String representation of +self+.
#pos	Byte position.
#rest	Target substring.
#rest_size	Size of target substring.
#string	Stored string.

Matching

StringScanner implements pattern matching via Ruby class [Regexp][6], and its matching behaviors are the same as Ruby's except for the [fixed-anchor property][10].

Matcher Methods

Each matcher method takes a single argument pattern, and attempts to find a matching substring in the [target substring][3].

Method	Pattern Type	Matches Target Substring	Success Return	May Update Positions?
#check	Regexp or String.	At beginning.	Matched substring.	No.
#check_until	Regexp or String.	Anywhere.	Substring.	No.
#match?	Regexp or String.	At beginning.	Match size.	No.
#exist?	Regexp or String.	Anywhere.	Substring size.	No.
#scan	Regexp or String.	At beginning.	Matched substring.	Yes.
#scan_until	Regexp or String.	Anywhere.	Substring.	Yes.
#skip	Regexp or String.	At beginning.	Match size.	Yes.
#skip_until	Regexp or String.	Anywhere.	Substring size.	Yes.

Which matcher you choose will depend on:

Where you want to find a match:
- Only at the beginning of the target substring: #check, #match?, #scan, #skip.
- Anywhere in the target substring: #check_until, #exist?, #scan_until, #skip_until.
Whether you want to:
- Traverse, by advancing the positions: #scan, #scan_until, #skip, #skip_until.
- Keep the positions unchanged: #check, #check_until, #match?, #exist?.
What you want for the return value:
- The matched substring: #check, #scan.
- The substring: #check_until, #scan_until.
- The match size: #match?, #skip.
- The substring size: #exist?, #skip_until.

Match Values

The match values in a StringScanner object generally contain the results of the most recent attempted match.

Each match value may be thought of as:

Clear: Initially, or after an unsuccessful match attempt: usually, false, nil, or {}.
Set: After a successful match attempt: true, string, array, or hash.

Each of these methods clears match values:

::new(string).
#reset.
#terminate.

Each of these methods attempts a match based on a pattern, and either sets match values (if successful) or clears them (if not);

#check(pattern)
#check_until(pattern)
#exist?(pattern)
#match?(pattern)
#scan(pattern)
#scan_until(pattern)
#skip(pattern)
#skip_until(pattern)

Basic Match Values

Basic match values are those not related to captures.

Each of these methods returns a basic match value:

Method	Return After Match	Return After No Match
#matched?	+true+.	+false+.
#matched_size	Size of matched substring.	+nil+.
#matched	Matched substring.	+nil+.
#pre_match	Substring preceding matched substring.	+nil+.
#post_match	Substring following matched substring.	+nil+.

See examples below.

Captured Match Values

Captured match values are those related to [captures][16].

Each of these methods returns a captured match value:

Method	Return After Match	Return After No Match
#size	Count of captured substrings.	+nil+.
#	`n`th captured substring.	+nil+.
#captures	Array of all captured substrings.	+nil+.
#values_at(*n)	Array of specified captured substrings.	+nil+.
#named_captures	Hash of named captures.	`{}`.

See examples below.

Match Values Examples

Successful basic match attempt (no captures):

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobarbaz')
scanner.exist?(/bar/)
put_match_values(scanner)
# Basic match values:
#   matched?:       true
#   matched_size:   3
#   pre_match:      "foo"
#   matched  :      "bar"
#   post_match:     "baz"
# Captured match values:
#   size:           1
#   captures:       []
#   named_captures: {}
#   values_at:      ["bar", nil]
#   []:
#     [0]:          "bar"
#     [1]:          nil

Failed basic match attempt (no captures);

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobarbaz')
scanner.exist?(/nope/)
match_values_cleared?(scanner) # => true

Successful unnamed capture match attempt:

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobarbazbatbam')
scanner.exist?(/(foo)bar(baz)bat(bam)/)
put_match_values(scanner)
# Basic match values:
#   matched?:       true
#   matched_size:   15
#   pre_match:      ""
#   matched  :      "foobarbazbatbam"
#   post_match:     ""
# Captured match values:
#   size:           4
#   captures:       ["foo", "baz", "bam"]
#   named_captures: {}
#   values_at:      ["foobarbazbatbam", "foo", "baz", "bam", nil]
#   []:
#     [0]:          "foobarbazbatbam"
#     [1]:          "foo"
#     [2]:          "baz"
#     [3]:          "bam"
#     [4]:          nil

Successful named capture match attempt; same as unnamed above, except for #named_captures:

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobarbazbatbam')
scanner.exist?(/(?<x>foo)bar(?<y>baz)bat(?<z>bam)/)
scanner.named_captures # => {"x"=>"foo", "y"=>"baz", "z"=>"bam"}

Failed unnamed capture match attempt:

scanner = StringScanner.new('somestring')
scanner.exist?(/(foo)bar(baz)bat(bam)/)
match_values_cleared?(scanner) # => true

Failed named capture match attempt; same as unnamed above, except for #named_captures:

scanner = StringScanner.new('somestring')
scanner.exist?(/(?<x>foo)bar(?<y>baz)bat(?<z>bam)/)
match_values_cleared?(scanner) # => false
scanner.named_captures # => {"x"=>nil, "y"=>nil, "z"=>nil}

Fixed-Anchor Property

Pattern matching in StringScanner is the same as in Ruby's, except for its fixed-anchor property, which determines the meaning of '\A':

false (the default): matches the current byte position.

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobar')
scanner.scan(/\A./) # => "f"
scanner.scan(/\A./) # => "o"
scanner.scan(/\A./) # => "o"
scanner.scan(/\A./) # => "b"

true: matches the beginning of the target substring; never matches unless the byte position is zero:

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobar', fixed_anchor: true)
scanner.scan(/\A./) # => "f"
scanner.scan(/\A./) # => nil
scanner.reset
scanner.scan(/\A./) # => "f"

The fixed-anchor property is set when the StringScanner object is created, and may not be modified (see StringScanner.new); method #fixed_anchor? returns the setting.

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